A form of the latter known as the participatory anthropic principle, articulated by John Archibald Wheeler, suggests on the basis of quantum mechanics that the universe, as a condition of its existence, must be observed, so implying one or more observers. Carter distinguished the WAP from the strong anthropic principle ( SAP), which considers the universe in some sense compelled to eventually have conscious and sapient life emerge within it. However, a single vast universe is sufficient for most forms of the WAP that do not specifically deal with fine tuning. Most such arguments draw upon some notion of the multiverse for there to be a statistical population of universes to select from.
The weak anthropic principle ( WAP), as defined by Brandon Carter, states that the universe's ostensible fine tuning is the result of selection bias (specifically survivorship bias). Philosopher Nick Bostrom counts them at thirty, but the underlying principles can be divided into "weak" and "strong" forms, depending on the types of cosmological claims they entail. There are many different formulations of the anthropic principle. Anthropic reasoning is often used to deal with the notion that the universe seems to be finely tuned for the existence of life. Proponents of the anthropic principle argue that it explains why this universe has the age and the fundamental physical constants necessary to accommodate conscious life, since if either had been different, we would not have been around to make observations.
The anthropic principle, also known as the "observation selection effect", is the hypothesis, first proposed in 1957 by Robert Dicke, that there is a restrictive lower bound on how statistically probable our observations of the universe are, because observations could only happen in a universe capable of developing intelligent life. For the book by Nick Bostrom, see Anthropic Bias (book).
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